• br Multi subunit RINGs There are

  2020-07-03

  

  Multi-subunit RINGs There are RING-type E3s that exist as multi-subunit assemblies (see Fig. 3B). A striking example is the Cullin RING Ligase (CRL) superfamily [35], which exhibits enormous plasticity in substrate specificity. Each CRL subfamily is characterized by a cullin protein (Cul-1, 2, 3,

• Autophagy is a degradation pathway existing in

  2020-07-03

  

  Autophagy is a degradation pathway existing in all eukaryotic organisms. It is the main system for the degradation of bulk cytoplasmic components in cells (Feng et al., 2014), but it also plays a crucial role in other processes, as immunity (Wileman, 2013), mitochondrial (Dengjel and Abeliovich, 201

• br Conclusions and future directions In recent years we

  2020-07-03

  

  Conclusions and future directions In recent years we saw major advances in our knowledge of H2A-DUB biology, with discovery of novel mammalian H2A-DUBs, better understanding of their biochemical properties, and development of several animal models to address their in vivo functions. However at pr

• External factors such as protein partners

  2020-07-03

  

  External factors, such as protein partners, can also activate DUBs by either reinforcing the stimulatory effects of intramolecular factors or by other means. The intramolecular activation of the USP7 CD by its HUBL domain is allosterically potentiated by external factor GMP synthase (GMPS), which co

• In addition to its HEAT repeats CRM also

  2020-07-03

  

  In addition to its HEAT repeats, CRM1 also possesses a C-terminal extension (C-extension, residues 1032–1071), composed of a helix (C-helix) followed by a short stretch of residues (C-tail). In the absence of Ran, the C-extension adopts a conspicuous conformation that bridges across the ring-shaped

• CRF and urocortin I are

  2020-07-03

  

  CRF and urocortin I are not only readily found throughout the spinal cord (Korosi et al., 2007), CRF analogs are clearly able to alter nociceptive signals (Imbe et al., 2010; Lariviere and Melzack, 2000). However, it was unclear whether they are released endogenously and involved in the spinal modul

• Cubic equations of state CEoS are particularly popular

  2020-07-03

  

  Cubic equations of state (CEoS) are particularly popular due to their simplicity and relatively good accuracy in predicting vapour-liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium for small, non-polar, non-associating molecules, such as light hydrocarbons. CEoS can match the phase boundaries (L/LL a

• Bafetinib br Conclusion br Declaration of interest br

  2020-07-03

  

  Conclusion Declaration of interest Introduction Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the main active ingredient in one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. The commercially used concentrations of glyphosate range from 1% for domestic use to 41% for conventional agricultura

• Khan et al studied the

  2020-07-02

  

  Khan et al. studied the effects of two structurally divergent coumarins viz calipteryxin 3 and (3′S,4′S)-3′,4′-disenecioyloxy-3′,4′-dihydroseselin 4 from Seseli recinosum, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages. The study revealed that calipteryxin and (3′S,4′S)-3′,4′-disenecioylo

• Materials and methods Construction of

  2020-07-02

  

  Materials and methods Construction of the Chk-YB-1b-Neo vector. Approximately 107 plaques from a chicken genomic library established in EMBL3 vector (Clontech Palo Alto, CA) was screened and one clone containing a 12kb insert was selected. Digestion of this clone with SalI and EcoRI restriction enz

• MoAbs targeting the tumourigenic pathways

  2020-07-02

  

  MoAbs targeting the tumourigenic pathways, such as IGF-1R may theoretically have a dual working mechanism. On the one hand they block pathways having an anti-tumour working mechanism, and on the other hand they may also stimulate an immunological response inducing a reaction of the patients own immu

• br Acknowledgements Professor Olli A J nne is

  2020-07-02

  

  Acknowledgements Professor Olli A. Jänne is warmly thanked for support and for providing excellent research facilities. Professor Patrik Finne is acknowledged for his help with statistical analyses. Drs Ronald Evans, Vincent Giguère, Jorma Palvimo, Malcolm Parker, and Anastasia Kralli are acknowl

• Another important new result that has expanded

  2020-07-02

  

  Another important new result that has expanded the range of functions of iPLA2-VIA in physiology and pathophysiology is its implication in macrophage polarization under stimulation conditions. Ashley et al. [129] described in peritoneal macrophages from Pla2g6−/− mice that the absence of iPLA2-VIA f

• br PFL AE as a model for the GRE

  2020-07-02

  

  PFL-AE as a model for the GRE–AEs Most of the GRE–AEs have proven difficult to study due to instability, difficulty in overexpression, lability of the iron-sulfur cluster, or other reasons. PFL-AE is the exception, and after the initial discovery of the iron–sulfur cluster in this enzyme [60], co

• Based on the above background gliptins may

  2020-07-02

  

  Based on the above background, gliptins may exert natriuretic and diuretic effects as well [[112], [119]]. In accordance with this, Girardi and co-workers have demonstrated a physical interplay between DPP-4 and the NHE3 exchanger in the brush-border epithelium of the proximal renal tubule, suggesti

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