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Results
Discussion Tooth structure undergoes continuous remineralization and demineralization in the oral environment. The ratio between demineralization and remineralization determines the hardness and strength of the tooth structure. Remineralization is the natural repair process of restoring minerals again in the form of mineral ions to the hydroxyapatite\'s latticework structure. Demineralization occurs at a low pH when the oral environment is under saturated with mineral ions, relative to a tooth\'s mineral content [10]. Soft drinks and carbonated beverages show erosive effects on tooth substance [17]. On the other hand, dairy products show remineralizing effect [28]. Recently, people drink planet based milk products instead of bovine milk especially for those have lactose intolerance syndrome. The present study aimed to evaluate the different effects of bovine and some plant based milk products on dental enamel preceded by exposure to Coca Cola® beverage. The study was applied to cervical 1/3 of enamel because it is the most affected part as reported by Ref. [27]. His study was carried out to illustrate the difference in histology and elemental composition of the cervical enamel among human permanent teeth. He reported that the cervical enamel are less calcified and include more organic substances than the cuspal enamel, as the Ca and P contents were significantly lower. This also is coincident with [8] who studied the effect of some carbonated beverages on enamel of human premolars using light microscope and scanning fgfr inhibitor microscope, their results revealed that enamel affection for a given beverage was maximum at the cervical third and minimal in the occlusal. Coca Cola® as an example for soft drink was used to induce erosion in the current study because of its great erosive effect as reported by Refs. [8] and [32] who concluded that Coca-Cola® had more erosive potential than spirit® and Miranda orange®. In our study, the immersion of samples in Coca Cola® beverages was 25 h. The model allows for observation of demineralization within a reasonable time period as designed by Ref. [6] who studied the effect of some Acidic beverages on Extracted teeth by polarized light microscope and conclude that beverages available for consumption in the United States have the potential to erode both enamel and root surfaces. The Coca-Cola® was replaced at the end of each cycle (5 h) due to the increase in its PH as reported by Refs. [6] and [8] who recorded an increase in the Coca-Cola® PH after 5 h from 2.37 to 2.41. In milk groups, the teeth had been immersed in a beaker filled with the corresponding milk type for 50 h; this time was selected based on what had been done by Ref. [19]. Replacement of the milk was done every 2 h which is the safe period before milk deterioration as milk is one of the potentially hazardous foods. The food safety standards specify that potentially hazardous foods must be stored, displayed and transported at safe temperatures to minimize multiplication of food bacteria. However, you can also use time, rather than temperature, to keep food safe. This method is explained under \'The 2 h/4 h guide\' which provides guidance on how long this type of food can be held safely at room temperature. According to this guide, it is safe to keep potentially hazardous food at room temperature for 2 h, and then you have to return it to refrigerator for a second use later or insure it is used before the 4 h limit is up [24]. The sample in this study was an intact enamel of sound human premolars as it make the study more realistic and predicting the possible effects of beverage\'s components. However, most of the in vitro studies used bovine enamel since it is considered a suitable substitute for human enamel [33] but there are structural differences between bovine and human enamel. Bovine enamel is more porous than human enamel. Therefore it is less resistant to acid diffusion [20].