Here the calcined iron oxide nanoparticles have

Here, the calcined iron oxide nanoparticles have significant properties such as large surface area (surface-to-volume ratio), non-toxicity, chemical stability, and high electrical conductivity; which offered high Elacridar Supplier communication features that enhanced the direct electron communication towards the target anion analytes. As fluoride is highly toxic and serious to health as well as environment, it is urgently required to fabricate a simple and reliable fluoride anions sensor with undoped semiconductor nanostructure materials. Therefore, the fluoride ions sensing properties using iron oxide NPs fabricated films have been explained in term of fabrication, characterization, and potential application with detection mechanism in this work. The simple fabrication method is employed for the preparation of undoped thin-film NPs embedded polycrystalline gold electrode using conducting binders, which is detected by simple and reliable I–V method. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report for highly sensitive detection of fluoride with calcined iron oxide NPs using simple I–V method in short response time.
Experimental sections
Results and discussion
Conclusions Finally, low-dimensional iron oxide NPs are prepared by facile sono-chemical technique with controlled morphology, which is exposed a constant morphological improvement in nanostructure materials and potential analytic applications. Low-dimensional NPs are allowed very sensitive transduction of the liquid/surface interactions for fluoride ions detection at room conditions. This opportunity is to emergence a variety of structural morphologies proposed various approaches of modification of the anionic analytes with nanostructures. Here, NPs are used to fabricate a simple, efficient, and sensitive fluoride ions detection consisting on side-polished polycrystalline AuE surface. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report for detection of fluoride ions with low-dimensional iron oxide NPs using simple and reliable I–V technique in short response time. This approach has described for the detection of toxic fluoride ions with un-doped NPs in various attractive and potential features. The result provides a useful design and strategy for the synthesis of new toxic anionic sensors for future applications in environmental and health care fields
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgements This work was funded by King Abdulaziz University, under Grant No. (D-004/431). The authors, therefore, acknowledge technical and financial support of KAU.
Introduction Collagen is the most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix of living organisms. The major amino acid components of collagen are glycine (∼33%), l-proline (l-Pro), l-hydroxyproline (l-Hyp) (21%), and alanine (11%). l-Hyp is a collagen-specific amino acid [1]. By measuring l-Hyp in urine, it is possible to determine collagen metabolism in the body, and in particular the degree of collagen degradation. Indeed, because l-Hyp is rarely present without collagen, it has become the specific biomarker for collagen degradation and is used to investigate collagen-related disease [2–4]. For example, collagen is an abundant protein in the bones and skin; therefore, abnormal collagen metabolism can occur with bone [5,6] and skin diseases [7], as well as fibrosis [8]. Additionally, collagen degradation is necessary in the cancer metastatic process [9,10]; thus, l-Hyp is also a useful marker for studying cancer metastasis. Various analytical techniques can be employed to measure l-Hyp in serum (for determination of bone composition) and urine, and to study rates of bone resorption and collagen metabolism. Colorimetric methods for measuring l-Hyp involve the oxidation of hydrolyzed l-Hyp; however, this process is time consuming, and controlling oxidation and color formation reactions can be difficult [11–13]. l-Hyp can also be analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography [14–17] and gas chromatography [18,19], but these techniques require expensive equipment that is costly to maintain. An enzymatic method, in which amino acid dehydrogenase is used, could be a rapid and simple method of amino acid analysis. However, it is difficult to detect l-Hyp selectively using such a method because amino acid dehydrogenase has relatively broad substrate specificity, for example proline dehydrogenase Pyrobaculum calidifontis catalyzes the dehydrogenation of both l-proline and l-hydroxyproline (relative activity, 72% as compared to l-proline) [20].